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Termites are eusocial insects that are categorized at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Triassic.

Approximately 3,106 species are currently clarified, with a couple hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they're not ants. .

Like ants and a few bees and wasps from the separate purchase Hymenoptera, termites split labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"workers" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile males called"kings" and one or more fertile females known as"queens". Termites chiefly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, dirt, or animal dung.

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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising many landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a few hundred individuals to enormous societies with several million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with a few queens reportedly living around 30 to 50 decades.

Colonies are described as superorganisms since the termites form part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .

Termites are a delicacy in the diet of several human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as pests which can cause considerable damage to buildings, crops, or plantation forests. Some species, like the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as invasive species. .

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The infraorder name Isoptera is derived from the Greek words iso (equivalent ) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equal size of the fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin term termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered from the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the earlier word tarmes.

The external appearance of this giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is indicative of the intimate relationship between termites and cockroaches.

Termites were previously placed in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made that they were closely linked to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) based on the similarity of their symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological traits between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In Going Here 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 affirmed the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the sequence Blattodea, which included that the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and social features: for instance, most cockroaches do not display social characteristics, but Cryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other societal behavior like trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some researchers have suggested that a more conservative step of retaining the termites since the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below.15 Termites have long been accepted to be closely associated with cockroaches and mantids, and you can try this out they're categorized in precisely the same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.

The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and such insects, they likely originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin would be that the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The earliest termite nest detected is believed to be by the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were discovered.22 Claims that termites emerged previously have faced controversy.

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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings which have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the toughest living termite, have been found in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 It is even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with exactly the same pattern.24 Krishna et al., however, consider that each one of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and needs to be excluded out of the Isoptera.26 The crude giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like characteristics which are not shared with other termites, like laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes known as"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is due to their these details sociality that's due to convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago.31 Termite genomes are generally relatively large in comparison to that of other insects; the first completely sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which was printed in the journal Nature Communications, consists of approximately 500Mb,32 while 2 subsequently published genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.